Kritsonis William, PhD On practice
Chapter 1.
Introduction to American Studies.
Keynote
- Public education is the biggest employer in this country.
- Some of the reforms as a result of the critical report issued in 1980 started successfully while others fail.
- Most of the public believes that schools are the same or worse weather during the past five years.
- The objective of the current school to the north as a source of training and religious education.
- Melting pot theory, never fully know. Many diverse cultural groups maintain different and unique displays in public schools.
- To improve the quality of teachers has initiated many state reform and capacity Test merit pay better salaries. Incentive, incentive pay to merit and hard into the teacher education program.
- Conservation group role In the decade of educational reform. 1980.
- Change the registration to create problems in the planning of public education.
- Future of public education excellence.
Chapter 1: Introduction - U.S. study
A. OVERVIEW.
Chapter 1 provides information about the status of public education in this country. Specific content focused on the efficiency of current trends and future schools. Possible in the public school
B. Key Terms – Definitions.
National Risk AT – Reform issued a report this year. 1983 government committee called for extensive.
Responsibility responsibility – About the quality of educational programs.
Aft – American Federation of Teachers Union of principal. Aft has more than 825,000. Member
Bilingual education. – Composition of the cultural emphasis on education efforts to teach English. Speaking languages other than English. Students taught in their native language expertise into a well in the English language will be mainly teaching English. . In some cases, learning the native language of the children receive equal attention with the English language.
Conservation movement. – Calls for return Basic purpose of such schools.
a. Return to emphasize basic academic subjects.
- Focus on de – on promotion activities;
- Emphasis on moral education;
- School prayer and the;
- Control over education by family
Critical report. – Report of the most important is the excellence of the nation at risk in year out. 1983 by the National Board of Education.
Cultural pluralism – Pluralists reject function Americanizing. Traditional public schools because it has meaning. Swallowing pattern and cultural middle class white American society realizes that melting pot theory of American culture did not occur and may not occur.
Curriculum Reform – back -. to – basics – reform started in 1970s, many believed that the basic course should be more important.
Reduced admission – apply changes have substantial impact on the education system. .
- Affecting public funds.
- Impact of teachers who want it
- Changing class size.
- Made. redistricting. Roy's School;
- Factory school want to change.
HOME Education – the conservation movement by parents, children education. At home or in small groups. Set.
Melting POT – Bond theory that everyone from the general culture.
MERIT PAY – teachers plan better to pay a special performance by
The study of cultural diversity. – Basic concepts predicated on the belief that everyone must respect. accorded regardless of race, sex, age, religion, economic nationalism,. Physical or mental innovation possible. How about the education of minorities.
Please Gate – National Education Association a union of the two principal : For Great is large and more efficient, both with 2.2 million people nationwide.
RIGHT NEW. – The original coalition. Conservation groups and some of the basic religious view, a lot of support.
Public education -. Free Government support Schools open to all children. . Note: The child workers. Resident children and illegal immigrants are allowed to attend U.S. public schools.
Reform report – issued a report critical of the decade. 70 and 80 by a group of educational reform A large amount of issues that face public education.
School District – Division of public school programs in the state.
Tax reform – tax reform, a tax increase for education. Reform
Three R. – Reading, writing and mathematics.
The total number of district schools in America.
State
Number of District.
State
Number of District.
50 states and DC.
14367.
Missouri.
525.
Alabama.
127.
Montana.
465.
Alaska
55.
Nebraska.
653.
Arizona.
214.
Nevada.
17.
Arkansas
311.
New Hampshire.
164.
California
999.
New Jersey.
582.
Colorado.
176.
New Mexico.
89.
Connecticut.
166.
New York.
709.
Delaware.
19.
North Carolina.
119.
District of Columbia.
1.
North Dakota.
234.
Florida.
67.
Ohio
611.
Georgia
180.
Oklahoma
548.
Hawaii
1.
Oregon
233.
Idaho
112.
Pennsylvania.
500.
Illinois.
905.
Rhode Island.
36.
Indiana.
292.
South Carolina.
95.
Iowa.
383.
South Dakota.
173.
Kansas
304.
Tennessee
138.
Kentucky.
176.
Of Texas.
1044.
Louisiana.
66.
Utah
40.
Maine.
228.
Vermont
251.
Maryland.
24.
Virginia.
132.
Massachusetts.
248.
Washington.
296.
Michigan.
593.
West Virginia.
55.
Minnesota.
383.
Travel
426th.
Mississippi
153.
Wyoming.
49.
Source:. U.S. National Education Center for Education Statistics. . (1999). Department of Education common core data of the National People's Survey. Washington, DC: US Department of Education. Modifications allowed.
Forecast Overview of the study. Statistics.
Estimates (2002/2003).
- Public school enrollment. K – 12 increased between 1985 to 2002.
- Private school enrollment has changed. Less than a decade ago.
- About 11% or about 6 million people enrolled in private elementary and secondary schools.
- Apply for elementary and secondary schools. Will continue to rise.
- Attend kindergarten and kindergarten 3 – 5 – olds were up about 30% between 1990-2002 enrollment of the child. 5-year kindergarten program. Has changed little since. 1990.
- FEE 5 – 17 – olds remain stable from year About 96% in 1990.
- All elementary age children actually have Enrolled in school
- Proportion of minority students in public elementary and secondary schools increased between 1990 and 2002 during this portion of Hispanics in public elementary and secondary school increased faster than the rate ratio of African American.
- In 1976-1977, 8% of kids with educational programs for the disabled. Compared with 14% in 2002.
- Proportion 18 – and 19 – olds in high school or college around 63%.
- Proportion 20 – to 21 – olds in participating. The school or college. 45%.
- College application and has grown steadily since. 1990 much growth can be recorded increases in number of women over 24 years attending college.
- Estimates show that the 2002-2010 growth. 18th% of registered persons age 25 years at university.
- Estimates show more people apply. 25-year universities are stable. 2002-2010.
- The proportion of American students are minorities has been increased. In 2002 approximately 27% are minorities.
- Graduate students have applied more consistently. As 2002 graduate registration increased. % 20.
- Number of women in graduate schools has exceeded the number of people
- Male full-time student of graduate school increase 22%.
- Number of elementary and secondary schools. Teachers have increased approximately 25%.
- Student / teacher ratio in public schools is estimated that approximately 17 students per teacher
- Ratio of students per private Teachers estimated that about 15 students per teacher
- Average salary of public school teachers remain stable past. The 10th year of $ 39485.00.
- Are taught in elementary and secondary schools of the state, including women. 74% and 88% non – Hispanics.
- About 66% of the teachers at least. 10 years full time experience in teaching
- Percentage of high school graduates who complete college preparation program that recommended by the Commission. Excellence approximately 30%.
- Number of high school graduates totaled approximately About 2.5 million, 2.8 million graduated from public schools and graduated about 300 000 private schools.
- Many students. Complete high school through night school and other programs such as General Education Development. (GED) program.
- About 84% of 25 – to 29 – olds, has completed. High School or equivalent.
- School dropout rate has declined in the past. 20 years difference between the dropout rate has decreased competition. Dropout rate for Hispanics is still high. 30% compared with 8% for Caucasians and African Americans.
- With adult or 90 million, approximately 21% of the adult population. United States operations at the lowest level of literacy.
- Adults with higher educational attainment, the level of prose knows.
- I know adults aged 19-54, mean higher Successful than the 55 and older.
- The difference in knowledge between adults and children may be caused by high levels of educational attainment of younger adults.
- American will become a better education. Adult population in the past 30 years, the graduation rate increased from 54% to 84% during the same proportion of adult At least four years of college increased from 11% to 25%.
- O Meeting of Higher Education estimates that about 564,000 associate degree; 1176000 bachelor's degree; Master 390,000; 78,000 first degrees and professional degrees. Dr. 44000 get the majority of degree Linked to degree and master's degrees.
- Expenditure for education from public and private sectors. preprimary through graduate with approximately Approximately 621 million.
- The cost of elementary and secondary schools is expected to total approximately 775 billion U.S. dollars, while higher educational institutions to spend about $ 250,000,000,000.
- Total cost of education is expected to number about 7.5% of gross domestic product.
- State share of revenue for the money. Public elementary and secondary schools increased over most of 1980, but the trend started back in 1987.
Between 1986-87 and 1993-94, the local share of school Capital increase, while the proportion of Government down.
By 2002 the share increased to change back to the states be 47.5% of revenue comes from government sources. 45.9% came from local sources, and 6.6%. From the U.S. government.
- Estimated current cost per student in average daily participation around $ 6,951.00 after inflation adjustment, up to. 15% from 1988 to 1989.
- Private colleges have a lot depends on tuition for revenue received 43% of tuition.
- State colleges and universities receive 40% of revenue from state and local government
- Expenditure per student in higher education institutions through 1990 is growing slowly.
- After inflation adjustment. Costs money in the current higher education per student increased. 16% during 1980 to 1981 and 1988-89 but rose only. 8% between 1992-2002.
- The annual undergraduate tuition room and board is estimated that $ 8,218.00 at four-year public colleges and private $ 19,980.00 to four years of college.
- Students on the basis of inflation adjusted. Expenditure for scholarships and capital increased. 85% at public universities between 1986-2002, compared with 9% for the cost of education.
- Based on costs per student scholarships and capital increase of approximately 68% at private universities between 1986-2002.
- Research costs in higher education institutions of the state grew. 31% of students at public universities and 36% at four-year colleges of other states.
- Students at private colleges. Are likely to receive help from students at public colleges.
- College students receive financial assistance in a variety of programs; 56% received the sort of assistance and the federal portion. 11% participate in the work program of study.
- Private colleges to assist sources in more than half of them full-time undergraduate students.
- For all full-time undergraduate. Public and private students. Package help the average student from all sources totaled approximately $ 6,932.00 in 2002.
- Federal support for education during the fiscal year is huge. Years 1965-2002 a large increase occurred between 1965 and 1975 after periods of relative stability between 1975-80, federal scholarships reduced approximately 16% between 1980 and 1985 from 1990 to 2002, the federal scholarship increase 29%.
Note: Much of the information provided. At: United States Department of Education. (1999). Mini – digest of education statistics. . Washington DC: National Center for Education Statistics. NCES ().
C. Some thoughts before.
- The student is responsible for many of the states in the U.S. or not.
Fifty four million for the school year. 2002/03; About 6 million students. In private schools, about 40 million year '87 – '88 School in school 15,713; 1985 first in 14 years with an increase in registration; Additional 5.6 million students in private schools.
- Review what has been voting in large study reported in From 80 How.
- Significant portion of people who are functionally illiterate, like many olds 17 years our
- Science and mathematics participation decreased as a number of scientific and math scores.
- More than 40% of our high school students in online courses provide more than one school.
- Students in this country less and less time in school than education. In other industries. Most
- Teachers from the bottom end of high school and college partly because payment. $ 17,000 on average for teachers with experience. 12 years.
3. In the beginning was the status of the reform 80 from?
Significant and coins ever increasing costs for education are not affected our young, we get
- What the purpose of public education or not.
Purpose was to teach students to read well enough to read the Bible to understand their Be developed for school teaching R third reading, writing, and mathematics Now we expect our schools teach everything from basic R to include civic, career, art, and personal. Teaching and attainment
5. The goal is what movement conservatives play in public education?
New Right believe our schools have gotten away from the objective and from the original. They are lobbying for
- Reducing or eliminating extracurricular activities. (All);
- More emphasis on the academic
- Emphasis on moral education;
- Same school prayer;
- More families. Process control education They're trying to write a law that all states can be copied. To promote creationism to censor books and library books to promote. Interests of "school" Christians to end their union influence and fighting and "secular humanism.
For some Christians. The program promotes the conservation movement included. .
- Promotion of two-parent families with parents working at home;
- Sexual leave before marriage.
- Refrain from smoking, drinking and drugs;
- Immorality of gay and lesbian life as it
- Prohibition of abortion;
- Patriotism;
- Obedience and respect for authority;
- Polite;
- Ethics;
- honesty;
- prayer;
- Humility;
- Fear God.
- What was occurring and the role of the federal government in public education?
The role of U.S. government is one of the dogs and dog instructions included. The school should be in all areas of the country has sufficient and adequate support. Failure in the real short-sighted view of the "successful" enough.
- What is the study of culture.
It began as a movement to promote equality and racial harmony Americans are meant to mix into. / Bourgeois white Den. Errors of omission. stereotyping and misinformation as well as the distribution is absorbed instead. / By cultural studies. Now the goal is to sub-cultural pluralism reliability of the overall curriculum. Basic concepts predicated on the belief that "everyone must respect. accorded regardless of race, sex, age, economic level, race, religion, physical or mental. Ability
8. What organizations influential in teacher education?
Please Gate – National Education Association.
Aft – Federation of American teachers.
Many leading officials believe. These organizations will lose power and influence. Many people believe that the Union forces as obstacles to educational reform. They have much lobbying budget.
9 What are characteristics of effective schools do.
- Strong leadership and management of major .
- Have a clear vision about the direction of the school.
- A commitment to improve teaching and learning;
- Promote the participation decision;
- Provide a buffer for the teacher to be able to devote maximum time to work with student
- Safe and orderly environment that have .
- Working conditions that support Efforts of teachers at specific problems of their students.
- Environment conducive to teaching and learning.
- Focus on teaching basic skills. As well.
- School is committed to basic skills is the goal of teaching.
- Skills in High Order Thinking Skills.
- The high expectations teachers and students. .
- Set high standards for students;
- Advice and sensitivity. Differences among individuals.
- Use clear and appropriate rewards to students about work
- Monitoring and reporting performance, including student .
- The system of student assessment progress.
- Compliance programs in the fields and grade;
- Match programs and activities to the assessment.
- Resources necessary to meet the objectives included. .
- Allow sufficient personnel and materials in the schools.
- Provide enough time for teaching. Planning, personnel development and customization innovations;
- The opportunity to grow professionally.
- Culture of the school include. .
- Positive human relationships of students and teachers.
- Continued growth and development of students and teachers.
- state – of – the – art teaching and learning strategies. For teaching and learning.
D. discussion questions and exercises.
Review a list of the risks presented. Nation.
- 23rd million adults are functionally illiterate;
- 13% of all 17 olds and 48% of minority children. 17th ANNUAL functionally illiterate;
- Saturday scores decreased from '63 To '80;
- Scientific achievement. Score of 17 – olds dropped in '69, '73 and '75;
- Edit in college math students increased. 72% from '75 to '80;
- Number of students in online courses in high school increased. 42%;
- 31% of school graduates complete algebra intermediate;
- 25% of the high credit in the class of track. PE, Health, Mathematics, English and editing work outside the school.
- Students in other industrialized countries. Take the science and mathematics;
- 20% of the university all four years of high school students from the state.
- 50% of graduate credit. Courses may be in 13 states;
- Students in U.S. schools for less than many other countries from other industries.
Village schools to only average. 22 hours per week;
- With many teachers from the bottom of the floor of the high school and college;
- The average salary. Experienced teachers. 12 years is $ 17,000.
2 What is the status of the 1980 Education Reform in the beginning?
- Saturday and either decreased or ACT scores remain;
- Minority students increase their scores.
- The graduation rate decreased between '85 And '86;
- The average teacher pay is higher. 38%;
- Students spent an average increase 50%.
- 12 states instituted minimum competency. Testing and Promotion class. 24 other states plan to use a minimum competency test.
3 Any State which is the size Education in the United States.
Public education in the United States is big business. Some focus on the school district and supervision required. Was removed from the end of things and focus on business education end of things. Some 54 million people are affected directly with teachers and administrators. Suppliers know their captive markets. Allowed to gouge the normal schools as they do other activities. Of our government schools receive fair shake.
4 What effect is reduced admission at the school?
- Affect the state capital.
- Impact on the number of teachers who want it.
- Class size alters.
- Cause of the skin. School redistricting;
- To change the factory school buildings and areas.
Teaching. Programs are affected. The area most affected is social studies language arts science and language arts abroad. This result less and less to offer the professional position. In these areas.
5. Education what is the role of the federal government.
Reagan's White House starts to the responsible state and local. As a result, federal expenditures in education decreased.
Again the U.S. government. Role as one of the dogs and guide dogs and watch. I intend to schools in all areas of the country. functioned properly and are adequately supported. Actual failure in Myopic view of "successful" enough. President George W. Bush is planning to launch the reform of many of the era. 2000.
6 is a forecast study. 2002/2003?
In the United States.
- Than 25% of people who study and work. The school or college;
- Of approximately 250 million people are.
1 … 54.5 million students in public elementary and secondary schools;
2 14300000 students in higher education;
Faculty and instructors … 3,600,000 3.
4 3.9 million people not learning.
Five … 68.1 million total participants.
- There are approximately 14,367 school systems.
- Private schools have more than 27,000 elementary and secondary;
- Has more than 3,500 colleges and universities;
- Has more than 83,425 elementary and secondary schools.
- Private schools have more than 26,807 elementary and secondary schools;
- That is greater than 2,127 four-year college or above. 1408 College two years;
- Have more than 1532 and private four-year colleges than 440 two-year private colleges.
- About 28% of elementary school and secondary students will His African American or Japan, while 17% of students are African American or His Pain;
- There are about 2,744,000 elementary and secondary school teachers at approximately 2.391 million available in public schools and 353,000 available in schools.
- The average salary of teachers with experience. $ 39,385 for beginning teachers is $ 28,515;
M. Approximately 30% of male teachers is about 70% were female;
- Dropout rate in African Americans 16 to 24 years decreased from 28% in 1992 is 13% in 2002; Total 16. – 24 – olds, is 12% in 2002, down from 15% in year 1992;
- In 2002 patients (aged between 25 and 29) – about 85.8 million people received high school diploma. (Including GED, certificate, compared, etc.) have reached 23.6 million persons. Four years of college;
- In 2002 (people aged 25 and over). – About 80.1 million people have been secondary certificate. (Including GED, certificate, compared, etc.) 21500000. Have reached four years of college;
- Education of adult population has been increasing since 1940; Education of youth. (Age 25-29) have not increased since 1980;
- In 2002, approximately 446,000 people associate artistic contribution income of Science degree about 1,044,000 people received a Bachelor Degree Bachelor of Science; Approximately 320,000 people received Master of Arts. Master of science degree; Estimated 39,000 people have received their doctor. Bachelor Philosophy; Estimated 72,000 people have been the first professional degree. : Chiropractic, dentistry, law, medicine, optometry, medicine osteopathic, medical, podiatry, theology, and veterinary medicine degree.
Note: Most information given here at United States Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), Digest. Educational Statistics. 1999.
E. List REVIEW.
True – False.
- Public education in the United States. Been brought for many years.
- All professionals agree with the reported risks. Nation.
- Cultures start in a decade. 1980.
- Reforms that began in the decade. 1980 are all very successful.
- New technology does not have a significant impact on the study.
- Tax Rebellion of 1970 continued the trend started in mid. 1960.
Multiple choice
- Last start in public education. _______.
- end a. 1960 b. 1970 c. 1980 d. 1970 from previous
- About Student Services _______. In government schools.
- a. 25 million b. 30 million c. 75,000,000 d. 54,000,000.
- Conservation movements supported the view more. _______.
- new conservation pool a. b. c. Right Right
d. collaborative conservation. e. supervise the movement. - Through the tax reform in Massachusetts in 1980, is _______.
- a. 13 b. Subject subject. 2 ½ c. on 191.
d. retrenchment - Number of schools using a microcomputer increase 16% in 1982 to ______% in 1988.
- a. 25% b. 50% c. 70% d. 90%. e. 97%.
About the Author
Dr. Kritsonis Recognized as Distinguished Alumnus
In 2004, Dr. William Allan Kritsonis was recognized as the Central Washington University Alumni Association Distinguished Alumnus for the College of Education and Professional Studies. Dr. Kritsonis was nominated by alumni, former students, friends, faculty, and staff. Final selection was made by the Alumni Association Board of Directors. Recipients are CWU graduates of 20 years or more and are recognized for achievement in their professional field and have made a positive contribution to society. For the second consecutive year, U.S. News and World Report placed Central Washington University among the top elite public institutions in the west. CWU was 12th on the list in the 2006 On-Line Education of “America’s Best Colleges.”
Open Obedience Simpsonville, Kentucky
